Note: In all examples "author" means author's name written last name first with a comma and then the author's first name.
In papers you briefly credit sources with parenthetical citations in the text of your paper and give the complete descriptions of each source in your Works Cited.
**To check to see when a page was last updated, just click in the Address Bar
and type:
javascript:alert(document.lastModified) A dialog box
displays the last date and time that the page was modified.
| Books
|
Periodicals
|
Internet Resources
|
Guidelines for
Referencing
|
Other Sources
|
Placement of Citations |
| Infotrac | Ask a Librarian |
| ONE AUTHOR Author. Title of Book. Publishing city: Publisher, year |
| TWO AUTHORS Author and second author's name first name. Title of Book. Publishing city: Publisher, year. |
| THREE AUTHORS Author, 2nd author's name and 3rd author's name . Title of Book. Publishing city: Publisher, year. |
| FOUR OR MORE AUTHORS Author, et al. Title of Book. Publishing city: Publisher, year. |
| NO AUTHOR SHOWN Title of Book or pamphlet. Publishing city: Publisher, year. |
| EDITOR OF A COLLECTION OF WRITINGS Editor's name, last name first. Title of Book. Publishing city:Publisher, year. |
| TWO OR THREE EDITORS Editor last name first, editor and editor, eds. Title of Book. Publishing city: Publisher, year. |
*University of Montana Press is abbreviated in the entry.
Articles from Magazines, Newspapers & Journals
| FROM A WEEKLY MAGAZINE Author. "Title of article in magazine." Magazine day month year:pages. |
| FROM A MONTHLY OR QUARTERLY MAGAZINE Author. "Title of article in magazine." Magazine month year:pages. |
| NO AUTHOR SHOWN "Title of article in magazine." Magazine (day) month year:pages. |
| FROM BIOLOGY DIGEST Author." Title of article" as found in Biology Digest Vol . ??, Issue ?, date:page. |
| SCHOLARLY JOURNAL ENTRY Author. "Title of article." Name of Journal Vol. ? (date) :pages. |
| NEWSPAPER Author. "Title of article." Name of Journal Vol. ? (date) :pages. |
Sections Within Books
| POEM or SHORT STORY in an ANTHOLOGY Author of story. "Title of Story." Title of Book. Name of Editor. City of Publication: Publisher, Year. Page numbers of the story. |
| FROM A BOOK OF WORKS BY SEVERAL AUTHORS |
| FROM A COLLECTION OF LONGER WORKS (NOVELS, PLAYS) |
| ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE Author given: Author. "Title of article." Name of encyclopedia . Year edition. |
| ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE or DICTIONARY No Author given: "Title of article." Name of encyclopedia. Year edition. |
| ARTICLE IN A BIOGRAPHY REFERENCE BOOK--CURRENT BIOGRAPHY Author of article." Title of article." Name of reference book . Editor of book. Volume number. Publishing city: Publisher, Year. Page numbers. |
| ARTICLE FROM COMPUTER SOFTWARE "Title of Article." Name of CD. Publisher, year. |
If a printed copy
of an Internet site is used, use the printed page number. If site is used
off the net, give the section and/or paragraph number. Use appropriate
abbreviation before the numbers: (Horner, pars. 19-20).
pars. = parargraph sec. = section
| Web Site (Professional) Title of Site. Date last updated. Name of author or sponsor. Date accessed. <http://URL>. |
| Web Site (Personal) Author. Web Site Title. Date of access <URL>. |
| Document from Web Site Author. "Title of Web Page." Title of the Site. Editor. Date and/or Version Number. Name of Sponsoring Institution. Date of Access . <URL>. |
| E-MAIL Sender of e-mail message. "Title." (From Subject line of the message). E-mail to author. Date. |
| Infotrac Full Text Article: Author. "Article Title." Title of magazine date of magazine:page numbers. Infotrac (then list the section that you used, such as Student or Expanded Academic ASAP). Online. Date accessed. |
| Online Video Clips Description or title of video clip. Web Page Title. Date of access <URL network address>. |
| Online Graphic Graphic name. Graphic. Web Page Title. Date of access <URL network address> |
| Online Encyclopedia "Title of Item." Title of Encyclopedia Vers. Number. Year. Date of access. |
"Stem Cell." Compton's Encyclopedia Online. Vers. 2.1. 2001. 18 March 2005.
| Online Magazine. Author. "Title of Article."Magazine Date of Magazine. Date of access <URL network address>. |
| PERSONAL INTERVIEW Person interviewed. Personal Interview. Date. |
| TELEPHONE INTERVIEW Person interviewed. Telephone interview. Date. |
| RADIO OR TELEVISION INTERVIEW WITH TITLE Person interviewed. Title of program by name of interviewer. Television show. Channel, city, date. |
| TELEVISION AND RADIO PROGRAMS If your reference is primarily to the work of an individual, cite that person before the title. Otherwise, other pertinent information (writer, director, producer, narrator, etc.) Should be given after the main title of the program with is in italics/bold. Portion of program cited. Name of Program. NETWORK. Station, City. Day, month, year. |
| UNPUBLISHED LETTER Author of letter. Letter to (person receiving letter) date. Holder of letter (museum or individual), city. |
| LETTER RECEIVED BY THE AUTHOR (YOURSELF) Person who sent the letter. Letter to your name. Date. |
| RECORDING Person who's voice is on the recording. "Title of song." Title of Album, Recording company, date. |
| FILM, FILMSTRIP, OR VIDEOTAPE [The title, director, distributor and year are standard information. You may add other information, such as performers.] |
| MAPS AND CHARTS Title of map. Map. Publishing city: Publisher. Date. |
BASIC CONTENT AND FORM OF PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS
These examples assume that the author or work has not been names in introducing
the source information.
| Works by one author
Author's last name and a page reference |
(Jones 99) |
| Works by more than one author
All author's last names (or first author and et al. if over three) and a page reference |
(Richter and Merrill 98)
(Spencer et al. 384) |
| Multivolume works
Author's last name plus volume and page(s) |
(Prucha 2:115-16) |
| Works with a title only Full title (if short) or a shortened version and page reference |
(World Almanac 394)
("Fitzgerald" 5) |
| More than one work: Two citations from different sources in
same sentence. Citations, with page numbers, separated by semicolons |
(Bjorklund 57; Moquin 20) |
| Internet resources Professional site Title of site and paragraph of quoted material |
(Teens in the know pars.7) |
| Infotrac Author's last name and paragraph of quoted material | (Jones pars.32) |
1. Put the citation close to the information it documents, but try not to interrupt sentences. Place it at the end of a sentence or at another point of punctuation.
2. Place the citation before the punctuation mark of the sentence,
clause or phrase you're documenting.
EXAMPLE: The League was a strong confederation of nations that were related
by language and culture but had a history of being separate and quarrelsome
(Jennings 362-63).
3. For a direct quotation that ends a sentence, place the citation after
the quotation mark but before the end punctuation mark.
EXAMPLE: The Onondagas were the "firekeepers" (Johansen 24).
4. For a quote of 5 or more lines indent from both margins and single
space. Do NOT use quotation marks. DO use a citation.
The list of Works Cited contains all the sources that you cite in your
paper. Works Cited is a broader term than Bibliography, which refers only
to printed information. Don't include in the Works Cited pages sources that you looked
at but did not refer to. (Some teachers, however, may want you to list
all sources consulted. If so, prepare a Works Consulted list.)
1. Center the heading WORKS CITED on a separate page from your report.
2. Alphabetize the sources by the authors' last names. If a source has no author, alphabetize it by the first word of the title, ignoring an initial A, An or The.
3. Begin each entry on a separate line. Start the first line of the entry at the left margin. Then indent the second and subsequent lines five spaces. Double space entries.
4. If you list two or more sources by the same author, put the author's name only in the first entry. For the subsequent entries, put three hyphens where the author's name would be, followed by a period.
---. Title of author's work. City:Publisher, year. Date.
WORKS CITED
Kinneavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing. San Diego:HBJ,
1993. 476-480.
Sebranek, Patrick, Verne Meyer and Dave Kemper. Writers,
Inc.A Student Handbook for WRITING & LEARNING.
Lexington, Mass.:D.C. Heath and Company, 1996. 195-241.
This page was updated 1/25/05.